Aggressive invasive plants have established at the entrance to the mature forest:
Spring beauty (white) - mixed in with false mermaid
Mature and sapling/seedling sugar maples and American beech
An intact mature forest, with full canopy, resists invasions. In the foreground, where the canopy is open at the entrance to the site, the green patch of invasives is established. That "green line" stops at the mature forest tree line, thick with trees and full canopy.
Intact mature forests naturally repel nonnative
invasions. The pilot site appears to have no invasives. This is unusual. Two aggressive invaders are established at the pilot's entrance, where there is little forest canopy.
Garlic mustard and multiflora rose - raindrops on camera lens
LaDue:
Mature forests / Invasives
Carex plantaginea - in flower
Spring ephemerals at the LaDue pilot - that usually only occur in a mature forest:
The mature forests at the LaDue pilot site house multiple key indicator species for a mature forest - taking many years to establish
Two-leaved toothwort - host plant of the declining West Virginia White butterfly
Squirrelcorn or Dutchman's breeches